St. john's wort: 10 faedah kesihatan, dos, dan kesan sampingan yang berpotensi

St. John's Wort secara saintifik dikenali sebagai Hypericum perforatum. Ia adalah tanaman berbunga yang berasal dari Eropah. Telah digunakan dalam perubatan rakyat selama berabad-abad untuk merawat banyak penyakit. Ekstrak St John's Wort mengandungi bahan aktif seperti hypericin dan hyperforin. Tumbuhan ini dikatakan mempunyai sifat anti-radang, antimikroba, antioksidan, dan antikanker. Ubat herba ini dapat membantu merawat kemurungan, mengawal gejala menopaus, menyembuhkan luka, memperbaiki gangguan hiperaktif defisit perhatian (ADHD), dan mengobati gangguan kecemasan.

Dalam artikel ini, kita akan membincangkan faedah kesihatan, dos, dan kemungkinan kesan sampingan St John's Wort. Teruskan membaca.

Apakah Faedah St John's Wort?

1. Boleh Membantu Merawat Kemurungan

St. John's Wort dapat membantu merawat kemurungan. Secara amnya, ubat-ubatan seperti antidepresan digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah psikologi ini. Antidepresan biasanya mempunyai kesan sampingan yang lain. St John's Wort dikatakan mempunyai beberapa bahan aktif seperti hyperforin, adhyperforin, dan hypericin yang boleh meningkatkan tahap messenger kimia di otak (1).

Satu kajian menyatakan bahawa peserta yang mengambil St. John's Wort jauh lebih mungkin mengalami kejadian buruk daripada mereka yang menggunakan antidepresan (2). Di samping itu, menggunakan St John's Wort mengurangkan simptom kemurungan dengan tahap yang sama seperti antidepresan (3).

Satu lagi kajian yang dilakukan oleh University of Queensland menyokong penggunaan St John's Wort dalam merawat kemurungan ringan (4). Kajian semula 29 kajian antarabangsa menunjukkan bahawa St John's Wort mungkin lebih baik daripada plasebo dan sama berkesannya dengan antidepresan preskripsi standard yang berbeza yang digunakan untuk merawat kemurungan (5).

2. Boleh Mengawal Gejala Menopaus

Ekstrak St John's Wort boleh digunakan untuk melegakan gejala menopaus psikologi dan vegetatif. Ini dapat meningkatkan kualiti hidup dan kilat panas pada wanita perimenopause. Ujian klinikal lebih besar diperlukan untuk lebih memahami mekanisme ini (6)

Dalam kajian lain, 111 wanita ditambah dengan 900 mg St John's Wort setiap hari selama 12 minggu menunjukkan peningkatan dalam gejala menopaus mereka (7). Kajian lain menyatakan bahawa tanaman itu dapat digunakan sebagai rawatan yang berkesan untuk gejala vasomotor wanita perimenopausal atau postmenopaus (8).

Juga, ekstrak St John's Wort dan gabungannya dengan ramuan herba telah menunjukkan kesan sampingan yang lebih sedikit pada wanita pascamenopause (9). Rawatan harian dengan St John's Wort lebih berkesan untuk rawatan sindrom pramenstruasi (PMS) (10).

3. Boleh Membantu Penyembuhan luka

St John's Wort secara tradisional digunakan untuk merawat luka dan luka bakar (11), (12). Ekstrak ramuan ini juga telah digunakan sebagai ubat rakyat untuk mempromosikan penyembuhan luka kulit (13). St John's Wort juga menghasilkan tindak balas keradangan yang lebih cepat dan membantu penyembuhan luka pembedahan diabetes (14).

Ubat herba ini dan metabolitnya (hiperforin) didapati dapat membantu dalam merawat gangguan kulit yang meradang (15). St John's Wort didapati merawat luka akibat sintesis kolagen dan penghijrahan fibroblas (16).

4. Boleh Merawat Gangguan Hiperaktifan Defisit Perhatian (ADHD)

St John's Wort dapat membantu merawat gangguan hiperaktif kekurangan perhatian (ADHD). Kajian yang dilakukan oleh Regional Hospital Bozen, Bolzano, mendapati bahawa St John's Wort menunjukkan sedikit peningkatan dalam skor min faktor hiperaktif dan ketidakmatangan pesakit (17).

Walau bagaimanapun, kajian yang menggunakan ekstrak St John's Wort untuk merawat kanak-kanak dan remaja dengan ADHD tidak memperbaiki gejala mereka (18). Oleh itu, penyelidikan jangka panjang diperlukan untuk lebih memahami manfaat St John's Wort ini.

5. Boleh Mengubati Gangguan Kecemasan

St. John's Wort mempunyai beberapa sifat terapeutik yang bermanfaat yang dapat membantu merawat gangguan kecemasan. Tumbuhan ini mempunyai sifat antidepresan yang digunakan dalam rawatan gangguan kemurungan utama (MDD) dengan kegelisahan komorbid (19). Satu kajian yang dilakukan oleh Universiti Illinois Barat pada tikus mendapati bahawa St John's Wort membantu dalam rawatan gangguan tekanan pasca trauma (yang merangkumi gangguan kecemasan) (20).

Walau bagaimanapun, lebih banyak penyelidikan diperlukan dalam hal ini.

6. Boleh Merawat Dermatitis Atopik

Hyperforin, penyusun utama St John's Wort, mempunyai kesan anti-radang. Aplikasi topikal krim St. John's Wort dapat membantu merawat dermatitis atopik (21).

Komponen tumbuhan, seperti hiperforin dan hiperisin, mempunyai sifat antioksidan, anti-radang, antikanker, dan antimikroba yang dapat membantu merawat dermatitis atopik (22). Juga, hiperisin adalah pemekaran fotosenser yang boleh digunakan untuk rawatan selektif kanser kulit bukan melanoma

Lebih banyak penyelidikan diperlukan dalam hal ini.

7. Boleh Merawat Gangguan Somatoform

Gangguan somatoform adalah gangguan mental yang menampakkan diri sebagai kecederaan fizikal. Kajian awal menunjukkan bahawa St John's Wort mungkin mempunyai keberkesanan pada pesakit dengan gangguan somatoform (23). Dalam kajian lain, pemberian 600 mg ekstrak St John's Wort setiap hari berkesan dalam rawatan gangguan somatoform (24).

8. Boleh Mengurangkan Risiko Kanser

Hyperforin dan turunannya (seperti aristoforin) adalah produk semula jadi St John's Wort yang mempunyai beberapa sifat farmakologi. Hyperforin dikatakan sebagai agen antikanker yang kuat (25). Garis plasma kuman yang kaya dengan melatonin St John's Wort dikatakan mempunyai sifat antioksidan. Mereka membantu menghalang pertumbuhan sel barah (26).

Hyperforin juga mendorong kematian sel yang diprogramkan dari pelbagai sel barah dan menghalang keupayaan mereka untuk berhijrah (27), (28). Hyperforin dan turunannya memegang kedudukan yang menonjol sebagai ubat antikanker dengan sifat beracun rendah dan sifat anti-tumor (29). Satu kajian menyatakan bahawa hiperforin dapat menyebabkan kematian sel barah dalam kes leukemia (30), (31).

9. Boleh Merawat Kesesakan Sinus

Beberapa kajian menunjukkan bahawa St John's Wort boleh melawan sinusitis dan gangguan afektif bermusim (SAD) (32). St John's Wort mempunyai sifat antibiotik dan antivirus yang dapat membantu melegakan kesesakan kahak, jangkitan sinus, selesema, dan gejala bronkitis. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelidikan lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk memahami manfaat St John's Wort ini pada manusia.

10. Boleh Menurunkan Tekanan Darah

St John's Wort mempunyai sifat anti-radang dan antioksidan yang kuat, yang dapat membantu menurunkan tekanan darah. Beberapa bukti anekdot menunjukkan bahawa ramuan ubat ini mengurangkan keradangan pada sistem kardiovaskular dan mengurangkan tekanan pada jantung. Walau bagaimanapun, lebih banyak penyelidikan diperlukan dalam hal ini.

Tidak cukup bukti untuk menilai keberkesanan untuk

St. John's Wort mempunyai sejarah panjang dalam penggunaan ubat-ubatan rakyat untuk merawat pelbagai gangguan yang meliputi keradangan, luka, jangkitan bakteria dan virus, ulser peptik, dan gangguan pernafasan (33). St John's Wort dikatakan mempunyai sifat analgesik dan antinociceptive yang membantu dalam pengurusan kesakitan (34). Multiple sclerosis (MS) adalah gangguan sistem saraf pusat yang dicirikan oleh kecederaan dan keradangan axonal. St John's Wort dikatakan mempunyai sifat anti-radang yang membantu merawat sklerosis berganda (MS) (35).

Sifat anti-radang yang kuat dari St John's Wort menjadikannya penyelesaian yang ideal untuk sakit sendi, gout, dan kekejangan otot yang teruk. Ekstrak etil asetat St John's Wort dapat menunjukkan aktiviti antihiperglikemik pada tikus diabetes (36). Kajian haiwan menyatakan bahawa St John's Wort mempunyai kesan hepatoprotektif yang dapat membantu merawat iskemia hepatik pada tikus (37). St. John's Wort dapat membantu memerangi diabetes. Pemberian ekstraknya (125 dan 250 mg / kg) menyebabkan penurunan kadar glukosa darah tinggi pada tikus diabetes (38).

Berikut adalah beberapa faedah yang dinyatakan oleh St John's Wort yang tidak mempunyai bukti yang mencukupi:

• Tumor otak (glioma)

  John's Wort dapat membantu merawat glioma melalui suntikan intravena (39). Walau bagaimanapun, data tidak mencukupi untuk membuktikan tuntutan ini.

• Herpes

Recent studies have shown that St. John’s Wort contains certain antiviral properties. This herb is believed to be helpful in the treatment of herpes, AIDS, hepatitis B, and several other serious viral conditions (40), (41).

• Smoking cessation

St. John’s Wort could attenuate nicotine withdrawal signs in mice. The plant was also used as a natural antidepressant in mice. More studies in humans are needed (42). St. John’s Wort proves to be effective in larger controlled studies. It could represent a less expensive, more readily accessible, and well-tolerated agent to promote tobacco cessation (43). However, further studies are necessary to understand the possibility of St. John’s wort in the treatment of smoking cessation in humans.

• Helps create a hormonal balance

St. John’s Wort is a widely popular treatment for hormonal imbalances. Its chemical composition is especially shown to lower the hormonal imbalances in a menopausal woman. It may reduce mood swings, the severity of the cramps, irritation, depression, and anxiety levels (44). However, further evidence is needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Other potential benefits of St. John’s Wort that lack any research include the following:

• Migraine headache

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

• Skin redness and irritation (plaque psoriasis)

• Tooth pulling

• Nerve pain

• Burning mouth syndrome

• Post-operative pain

Though more research is warranted, the plant does have some benefits. In the following section, we will look at the ideal dosage of the plant.

Dosage*

For Children and young adults (>18 years)

• For ADHD – 300 mg St. John’s Wort, three times daily for eight weeks (18)
• For depression – 150-1800 mg St. John’s Wort, three times daily for eight weeks (41)

For Adults

• For anxiety – 900 mg St. John’s Wort, twice daily for twelve weeks (45)
• For cancer – 05-0.50 mg per kg of hypericin, for two months (46)
• For mild to moderate depression – 20-1800 mg St. John’s Wort, three times for 4 to 52 weeks
• For severe depression – 900-1800 mg, once daily for 8 to 12 weeks (47)
• For obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – 450-1800 mg, once daily for 12 weeks (48)
• For premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – 300-900 mg daily for two menstrual cycles (49)
• For smoking cessation – 300 mg, once or twice daily for three months (50)

* These values are taken only from randomized clinical trials. They are for reference only. None of them have been proven to treat any particular ailment. Consult your doctor for more information.

Though St. John’s Wort is generally safe for consumption, it also may have some side effects. We will explore them in the following section.

What Are The Potential Side Effects Of St. John’s Wort?

The uncontrolled and unprescribed dosage of St. John’s Wort may cause several side effects. These include allergic reactions, sedation, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, skin reactions, dry mouth, tiredness/restlessness, and dizziness. The majority of these reactions were generally considered to be mild, moderate, or transient (51), (52), (53).

Some research has indicated that taking certain herbal supplements, including St. John’s Wort, may increase your risk of complications if you are put under anesthesia. You should not take St. John’s Wort at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery (54).

Photosensitivity reactions affecting the skin are other serious adverse reactions associated with St. John’s Wort. Recent data suggest that photosensitivity reactions are dose-related, with increased sensitivity associated with higher doses. Extracts of St. John’s Wort are used in the treatment of depression. They contain various substances with naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin as characteristic ingredients. These compounds may lead to phototoxicity in animals and humans (55), (56).

Also, St. John’s Wort may cause liver injury, tingling, and erectile or sexual dysfunction. However, limited research is available in this regard.

Possible Drug Interactions

St. John’s Wort may react with certain drugs. Generally, most herbs interact with prescribed drugs and have the potential to influence metabolic reactions (56), (57).

In a study, drug interactions with St. John’s Wort had affected the organ systems and the central nervous system. St. John’s Wort and fluoxetine have a similar profile, and this demonstrates that herbal preparations can result in adverse drug reactions that are similar to those of prescription medications (58). In another study, St. John’s Wort interacted with cyclosporin A metabolism. The drug is involved in the careful monitoring of blood levels in a patient after liver transplantation (59).

St. John’s Wort may interact with medicines such as warfarin, phenprocoumon, cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, theophylline, digoxin, indinavir, and lamivudine (60).

Also, it may interact with other drugs. These include:

• Antibiotics, antidepressant SSRIs, and Triptans

St. John’s Wort may interact with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This interaction may lead to agitation, nausea, confusion, and diarrhea (56).

• Oral contraceptives

St. John’s Wort may interact with oral contraceptives. This results in breakthrough bleeding among women who are taking birth control pills along with St. John’s Wort (56).

• Immunosuppressants and blood thinners such as warfarin

Warfarin may interact with St. John’s Wort, which can lead to severe adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening (61).

• Sedatives and medications used to treat generalized anxiety disorder; drugs used to treat cancer, heart conditions, and HIV/AIDS

From one study, patients with HIV experienced an increase in HIV RNA viral load following the use of St. John’s Wort (56).

• Over-the-counter medications (for sleep, cough, and cold)

St. John’s Wort also interacts with anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, phenobarbitone and phenytoin, theophylline, cyclosporin, phenprocoumon, and digoxin. However, more long-term research is needed to further understand these drug interactions.

Conclusion

St. John’s Wort is an effective dietary supplement and medicinal herb for treating various nervous system related disorders. It is said to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties and helps to treat many ailments. It may help treat depression, control menopausal symptoms, help in wound healing, and treat anxiety disorders. However, excess and unprescribed usage of this herbal drug may lead to some adverse reactions. Hence, limit its usage and consult your health care provider in case of any medical emergencies.

Expert’s Answers for Readers Questions

How long does St. John’s Wort take to start working?

St. John’s Wort may take 3 to 6 weeks to show any effects. Do not stop taking it all at once, as you may otherwise experience side effects.

Should I take St. John’s Wort in the morning or night?

St. John’s Wort works best if taken twice a day. In the third and fourth weeks of your treatment, take 300 mg in the morning and 600 mg in the evening. In the fifth week, consider increasing the dose to 600 mg twice a day. Like all antidepressants, it can take four to six weeks before you feel any benefits. Consult your doctor for more information on the use and dosage.

Does St. John’s Wort make you gain weight?

No. St. John’s Wort has the potential to prevent obesity and abnormalities with lipid metabolism. It does not lead to weight gain.

Is St. John’s Wort bad for your heart?

St. John’s Wort is well known to help treat depression in heart patients, with less negative side effects on the heart than traditional antidepressants.

Can St. John’s Wort damage the liver?

St John's Wort tidak dikaitkan dengan kecederaan hati. Kerana banyak interaksi dan kesan ubat-ubatan herba, ramuan tersebut boleh mempengaruhi fungsi hati atau menyebabkan beberapa kecederaan hati. Elakkan mengambilnya bersama dengan ubat hati. Rujuk doktor anda.

Bolehkah anda minum alkohol dengan St John's Wort?

Anda harus mengelakkan atau mengehadkan penggunaan alkohol semasa dirawat dengan St John's Wort. Alkohol boleh meningkatkan kesan sampingan St John's Wort yang berkaitan dengan sistem saraf, termasuk pening, mengantuk, dan sukar menumpukan perhatian.

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